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<h2><a name="TOC-Raw-data-and-documentation"></a><font face="georgia">Raw data and documentation</font></h2>
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<ul style="margin-top:1em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:0px;padding-left:1.6em">
<ul style="margin-top:1em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:0px;padding-left:1.6em"><li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><b>Title changes between the 1964 </b><i><b>DOT</b></i><b> and the 1977 </b><i><b>DOT</b> </i>are constructed using the 1977 <i><a href="http://www.jlin.org/DOT_1977_alpha.rtf?attredirects=0">DOT, 4th ed.</a></i> (rtf), and the 1979 <i><a href="http://www.jlin.org/DOT_1979_num.rtf?attredirects=0">Conversion Table of Code and Title Changes</a></i> (rtf). These files were processed for this paper by <b>physically scanning the original documents</b> and using <b>optical character recognition</b>; these raw text files contain some errors related to the scanning process. The original higher-quality images (pdf) are available by request.</font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><b>Title changes between the 1977 </b><i><b>DOT</b></i><b> and the 1991 </b><i><b>DOT</b></i> are constructed using the 1991 </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><i><a href="tr_1251318204413">DOT</a></i></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><i><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR06100" rel="nofollow">, Revised 4th ed.</a> </i>(ICPSR 6100), which includes the 1991 <i>Conversion Table of Code and Title Changes.</i></font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><b>Title changes between the 1990 and 2000 </b><i><b>Census Classified Indexes</b> </i>are constructed using the 1990 </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><i><a href="http://www.jlin.org/alpha_index_1990.dta?attredirects=0">Alphabetical Index of Occupations</a></i></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (Stata dta), the 2000 </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><i><a href="http://www.jlin.org/alphaindex2000.xls?attredirects=0">Alphabetical Index of Occupations</a></i></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (xls), and a </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">2000 <a href="http://www.jlin.org/Newoccs90-2k.xls?attredirects=0">database on new census occupational titles</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (xls).</font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><i><a href="http://usa.ipums.org/usa/" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(85, 26, 139);text-decoration:underline !important"><span style="font-style:normal">IPUMS</span></a>,</i></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://usa.ipums.org/usa/volii/tgeotools.shtml" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(85, 26, 139);text-decoration:underline !important">county composition files</a>, and <span style="font-family:Verdana, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://www.census.gov/population/www/metroareas/metrodef.html" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(0, 0, 204);text-decoration:underline !important">metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas and components</a> from </font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">2003.</font></span></span></font></span></span></font></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">An early comparison of occupation titles and title employment uses the <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR07845" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(85, 26, 139);text-decoration:underline !important">April 1971 CPS</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (ICPSR 7845).</font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">Two useful technical papers describing the evolution of census occupation codes are <a href="http://www.bls.gov/osmr/abstract/ec/ec050090.htm" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(85, 26, 139);text-decoration:underline !important">Meyer and Osborne</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">, 2005 (BLS wp #383) and </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://www.census.gov/hhes/www/ioindex/pdfio/tech_0203.pdf" rel="nofollow">Scopp</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">, 2003 (Census tp #65).</font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">Some metropolitan area data is aggregated using census summary files from </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08107" rel="nofollow">1970</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (ICPSR 8107), </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR08229" rel="nofollow">1980</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (ICPSR 8229), and </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR06271" rel="nofollow">1990</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (ICPSR 6271). Other metropolitan area data is aggregated using county data from the U.S. Census City and County Data Books, drawn from <i><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR02896" rel="nofollow">Historical, Demographic, Economic, and Social Data: The United States, 1790-2000</a></i> (ICPSR 2896).</font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia">U.S. </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/ac/ido/oeip/taf/county.pdf" rel="nofollow">patent grants by county</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> (pdf; U.S. P.T.O.)</font></span></p>
</li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc">
<p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://www.nber.org/patents/" rel="nofollow">Patent</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> and </font></span><font color="#000000"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"><a href="http://www.nber.org/nberces/nbprod96.htm" rel="nofollow">productivity</a></font></span></span></font><span style="font-size:small"><font face="georgia"> databases (NBER)</font></span></p>
</li></ul></ul>
<h2><a name="TOC-Processed-data-and-code-used-in-the"></a><font face="georgia">Processed data and code used in the paper</font></h2>
</div>
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<ul style="margin-top:1em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:0px;padding-left:1.6em">
<ul style="margin-top:1em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:1em;margin-left:0px;padding-left:1.6em"><li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc"><span style="font-family:georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><b>New work by census detailed occupation code</b>: Census detailed occupation codes in <a href="http://www.jlin.org/new1980-wk.dta?attredirects=0">1980</a>, <a href="http://www.jlin.org/new1990-wk.dta?attredirects=0">1990</a>, and <a href="http://www.jlin.org/new2000-wk.dta?attredirects=0">2000</a>, with matched new-title counts (Stata dta). These files are ready to merge on detailed occupation code with IPUMS extracts from 1980 (5%), 1990 (1%), and 2000 (5% or 1% unweighted). Each file contains the number of occupation titles and the share of new occupation titles for each detailed occupation. These files are created by collapsing the raw title lists above; code and crosswalks are available upon request. </span></li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc"><span style="font-family:georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><b>Geographic data</b>: Data for <a href="http://www.jlin.org/geo-final.dta?attredirects=0">county-based aggregates</a>, 1970–1990 (Stata dta), created by collapsing IPUMS extracts, census summary files, and county data books. <a href="http://www.jlin.org/xw-conspuma-cbsa-wk2.dta?attredirects=0">Crosswalk</a> between county-based aggregates and the variable CONSPUMA in IPUMS extracts (Stata dta). </span></li>
<li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc"><span style="font-family:georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><b>Data processing</b>: <a href="http://www.jlin.org/newwork-clean.do?attredirects=0">Code</a> (Stata do) for processing raw IPUMS extracts, merging new work variables and city data, and creating regression-ready files. Finished file is approximately 2.4 gigabytes. Some changes may be required to get these scripts to work properly on your computer (e.g., changing file paths and commenting out parts that create the occupation and geographic data). </span></li><li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc"><font face="georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif"><a href="http://www.jlin.org/newwork-analysisw.do?attredirects=0">Code</a> (Stata do) for running first-step regressions to estimate city-year dummies.</font></li><li style="margin-top:0.25em;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0.25em;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em;list-style-type:disc"><font face="georgia, Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif">Code (Stata do) for <a href="http://www.jlin.org/newwork-figures.do?attredirects=0">figures</a> and <a href="http://www.jlin.org/newwork-tablesw.do?attredirects=0">tables</a>.</font></li></ul></ul>
</div></div></div><div class="sites-layout-tile sites-tile-name-footer"><div dir="ltr"><p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><font><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-family:georgia">Last updated November 23, 2009</span></span></font></p><p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><font><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-family:georgia">Home URL: </span></span><a href="http://jlin.org/" rel="nofollow" style="color:rgb(85, 26, 139);text-decoration:underline !important"><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-family:georgia">http://jlin.org/</span></span></a></font></p><p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><i><font><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-family:georgia"> </span></span></font></i></p><p style="font-size:1em;margin-top:0px;margin-right:0px;margin-bottom:0px;margin-left:0px;padding-top:0px;padding-right:0px;padding-bottom:0px;padding-left:0px;color:rgb(0, 0, 0);line-height:1.75em"><i><font><span style="font-size:small"><span style="font-family:georgia">The views expressed on this site are those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia or the Federal Reserve System. </span></span></font></i></p></div></div></div>
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